inda omplyic badminton women gold champion

inda omplyic badminton women gold champion

Racquet sport

Badminton

Two Chinese pairs compete in the mixed doubles gilt medal match of the 2012 Olympics
Highest governing trunk	Badminton World Federation
First played	19th century
Characteristics
Contact	None
Team members	Singles or doubles
Mixed-sex activity	Yes
Type	Racquet sport
Equipment	Shuttlecock, racquet
Presence
Olympic	1992–present
World Games	1981

Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although information technology may be played with larger teams, the most common forms of the game are "singles" (with one player per side) and "doubles" (with two players per side). Badminton is oftentimes played every bit a casual outdoor activity in a thou or on a beach; formal games are played on a rectangular indoor courtroom. Points are scored by hit the shuttlecock with the racquet and landing it within the opposing side's one-half of the court.

Each side may but strike the shuttlecock once earlier it passes over the cyberspace. Play ends once the shuttlecock has struck the floor or if a error has been chosen by the umpire, service judge, or (in their absence) the opposing side.^[ane]

The shuttlecock is a feathered or (in informal matches) plastic projectile which flies differently from the balls used in many other sports. In particular, the feathers create much higher drag, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more speedily. Shuttlecocks also take a high top speed compared to the assurance in other racquet sports. The flight of the shuttlecock gives the sport its distinctive nature.

The game adult in British Bharat from the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. European play came to be dominated past Kingdom of denmark simply the game has go very popular in Asia, with recent competitions dominated past Mainland china. Since 1992, badminton has been a Summertime Olympic sport with four events: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, and women's doubles,^[2] with mixed doubles added four years later on. At high levels of play, the sport demands excellent fettle: players require aerobic stamina, agility, force, speed, and precision. Information technology is besides a technical sport, requiring expert motor coordination and the evolution of sophisticated racquet movements.^[three]

History

Games employing shuttlecocks accept been played for centuries across Eurasia,^[a] but the modernistic game of badminton adult in the mid-19th century among the departer officers of British Bharat as a variant of the before game of battledore and shuttlecock. ("Battledore" was an older term for "racquet".)^[4] Its exact origin remains obscure. The name derives from the Duke of Beaufort's Badminton House in Gloucestershire,^[five] just why or when remains unclear. As early as 1860, a London toy dealer named Isaac Spratt published a booklet entitled Badminton Battledore – A New Game, just no copy is known to have survived.^[6] An 1863 article in The Cornhill Mag describes badminton equally "battledore and shuttlecock played with sides, across a string suspended some v feet from the footing".^[seven]

The game originally developed in India among the British expatriates,^[viii] where information technology was very pop by the 1870s.^[6] Brawl badminton, a form of the game played with a wool ball instead of a shuttlecock, was beingness played in Thanjavur as early every bit the 1850s^[9] and was at beginning played interchangeably with badminton by the British, the woollen ball being preferred in windy or wet weather.

Early on on, the game was also known as Poona or Poonah later the garrison town of Poona,^{[8] [ten]} where it was particularly pop and where the first rules for the game were drawn up in 1873.^{[half dozen] [7] [b]} By 1875, officers returning home had started a badminton order in Folkestone. Initially, the sport was played with sides ranging from ane to 4 players, but it was quickly established that games between ii or iv competitors worked the best.^[4] The shuttlecocks were coated with India safety and, in outdoor play, sometimes weighted with lead.^[4] Although the depth of the net was of no consequence, it was preferred that it should reach the ground.^[iv]

The sport was played under the Pune rules until 1887, when J. H. E. Hart of the Bath Badminton Club drew up revised regulations.^[5] In 1890, Hart and Bagnel Wild again revised the rules.^{[half dozen]} The Badminton Clan of England (BAE) published these rules in 1893 and officially launched the sport at a business firm chosen "Dunbar"^[c] in Portsmouth on 13 September.^[12] The BAE started the first badminton contest, the All England Open Badminton Championships for gentlemen's doubles, ladies' doubles, and mixed doubles, in 1899.^[v] Singles competitions were added in 1900 and an England–Ireland title match appeared in 1904.^[five]

England, Scotland, Wales, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand were the founding members of the International Badminton Federation in 1934, now known as the Badminton World Federation. India joined as an affiliate in 1936. The BWF now governs international badminton. Although initiated in England, competitive men's badminton has traditionally been dominated in Europe by Denmark. Worldwide, Asian nations take get dominant in international competition. Mainland china, Denmark, Republic of indonesia, Malaysia, India, Due south Korea, Taiwan (playing every bit 'Chinese Taipei') and Japan are the nations which have consistently produced world-grade players in the past few decades, with China existence the greatest forcefulness in men'southward and women's competition recently.

The game has as well go a popular lawn sport in the United states of america.

Rules

The following information is a simplified summary of badminton rules based on the BWF Statutes publication, Laws of Badminton.^[13]

Court

The courtroom is rectangular and divided into halves by a cyberspace. Courts are usually marked for both singles and doubles play, although badminton rules let a court to be marked for singles only.^[xiii] The doubles court is wider than the singles court, but both are of the same length. The exception, which often causes confusion to newer players, is that the doubles court has a shorter serve-length dimension.

The full width of the court is 6.1 metres (xx anxiety), and in singles this width is reduced to v.18 metres (17.0 feet). The full length of the court is 13.4 metres (44 anxiety). The service courts are marked by a centre line dividing the width of the courtroom, past a short service line at a distance of 1.98 metres (6 feet 6 inches) from the net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In doubles, the service courtroom is as well marked past a long service line, which is 0.76 metres (two feet 6 inches) from the back boundary.

The cyberspace is 1.55 metres (5 feet 1 inch) loftier at the edges and 1.524 metres (v.00 feet) high in the eye. The net posts are placed over the doubles sidelines, even when singles is played.

The minimum height for the ceiling above the court is not mentioned in the Laws of Badminton. Notwithstanding, a badminton court will non exist suitable if the ceiling is likely to be hit on a high serve.

Serving

The legal bounds of a badminton court during diverse stages of a rally for singles and doubles games

When the server serves, the shuttlecock must pass over the short service line on the opponents' court or information technology will count as a error. The server and receiver must remain within their service courts, without touching the boundary lines, until the server strikes the shuttlecock. The other two players may stand wherever they wish, so long equally they do non block the vision of the server or receiver.

At the start of the rally, the server and receiver stand up in diagonally opposite service courts (see court dimensions). The server hits the shuttlecock so that it would land in the receiver'southward service court. This is similar to tennis, except that in a badminton serve the whole shuttle must be beneath 1.15 metres from the surface of the court at the instant of beingness hit past the server'southward dissonance, the shuttlecock is not immune to bounciness and in badminton, the players stand up inside their service courts, unlike tennis.

When the serving side loses a rally, the server immediately passes to their opponent(s) (this differs from the old organisation where sometimes the serve passes to the doubles partner for what is known every bit a "second serve").

In singles, the server stands in their right service court when their score is even, and in their left service court when their score is odd.

In doubles, if the serving side wins a rally, the aforementioned thespian continues to serve, but he/she changes service courts so that she/he serves to a different opponent each fourth dimension. If the opponents win the rally and their new score is even, the player in the right service courtroom serves; if odd, the role player in the left service court serves. The players' service courts are determined by their positions at the commencement of the previous rally, not by where they were standing at the end of the rally. A consequence of this system is that each fourth dimension a side regains the service, the server will exist the thespian who did not serve final time.

Scoring

Each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally regardless of whether they served^[13] (this differs from the erstwhile system where players could only win a point on their serve and each game was played to 15 points). A match is the best of three games.

If the score ties at 20–twenty, and then the game continues until one side gains a two-betoken lead (such as 24–22), except when there is a tie at 29–29, in which the game goes to a golden point of thirty. Whoever scores this point wins the game.

At the start of a match, the shuttlecock is cast and the side towards which the shuttlecock is pointing serves first. Alternatively, a coin may exist tossed, with the winners choosing whether to serve or receive offset, or choosing which end of the courtroom to occupy first, and their opponents making the leftover the remaining choice.

In subsequent games, the winners of the previous game serve first. Matches are best out of three: a histrion or pair must win 2 games (of 21 points each) to win the match. For the first rally of any doubles game, the serving pair may decide who serves and the receiving pair may decide who receives. The players change ends at the commencement of the second game; if the match reaches a 3rd game, they change ends both at the start of the game and when the leading histrion'south or pair'southward score reaches 11 points.

Lets

If a let is called, the rally is stopped and replayed with no change to the score. Lets may occur because of some unexpected disturbance such as a shuttlecock landing on a court (having been hitting there by players playing in next courtroom) or in small halls the shuttle may touch an overhead rails which can be classed every bit a allow.

If the receiver is not ready when the service is delivered, a let shall be called; yet, if the receiver attempts to return the shuttlecock, the receiver shall be judged to have been set up.

Equipment

Badminton rules restrict the design and size of racquets and shuttlecocks.

Racquets

Badminton racquets are lightweight, with top quality racquets weighing between 70 and 95 grams (ii.5 and 3.4 ounces) not including grip or strings.^{[14] [xv]} They are composed of many different materials ranging from carbon fibre composite (graphite reinforced plastic) to solid steel, which may be augmented by a variety of materials. Carbon fibre has an excellent strength to weight ratio, is strong, and gives splendid kinetic free energy transfer. Before the adoption of carbon fibre blended, racquets were fabricated of lite metals such as aluminium. Earlier still, racquets were made of woods. Inexpensive racquets are notwithstanding often made of metals such every bit steel, only wooden racquets are no longer manufactured for the ordinary marketplace, because of their excessive mass and cost. Present, nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and fullerene are added to racquets giving them greater immovability.^{[ citation needed ]}

In that location is a wide multifariousness of racquet designs, although the laws limit the racquet size and shape. Different racquets have playing characteristics that appeal to unlike players. The traditional oval head shape is still available, but an isometric head shape is increasingly mutual in new racquets.

Strings

Badminton strings for racquets are thin, high-performing strings with thicknesses ranging from about 0.62 to 0.73 mm. Thicker strings are more durable, only many players prefer the feel of thinner strings. String tension is normally in the range of 80 to 160 N (eighteen to 36 lbf). Recreational players by and large string at lower tensions than professionals, typically between eighty and 110 Due north (18 and 25 lbf). Professionals string between about 110 and 160 Northward (25 and 36 lbf). Some string manufacturers measure out the thickness of their strings nether tension and then they are actually thicker than specified when slack. Ashaway Micropower is really 0.7mm but Yonex BG-66 is about 0.72mm.

It is often argued that high string tensions improve control, whereas low string tensions increase power.^[16] The arguments for this generally rely on rough mechanical reasoning, such as claiming that a lower tension string bed is more bouncy and therefore provides more ability. This is, in fact, incorrect, for a college cord tension tin can cause the shuttle to slide off the racquet and hence brand information technology harder to hitting a shot accurately. An alternative view suggests that the optimum tension for power depends on the thespian:^[14] the faster and more accurately a histrion can swing their racquet, the higher the tension for maximum power. Neither view has been subjected to a rigorous mechanical assay, nor is at that place clear testify in favour of i or the other. The near effective way for a player to notice a expert string tension is to experiment.

Grip

The choice of grip allows a player to increment the thickness of their racquet handle and choose a comfy surface to hold. A role player may build up the handle with one or several grips before applying the concluding layer.

Players may choose between a variety of grip materials. The nearly common choices are PU synthetic grips or towelling grips. Grip option is a matter of personal preference. Players often observe that sweat becomes a problem; in this case, a drying agent may be applied to the grip or easily, sweatbands may be used, the histrion may choose another grip fabric or modify their grip more frequently.

There are 2 main types of grip: replacement grips and overgrips. Replacement grips are thicker and are often used to increase the size of the handle. Overgrips are thinner (less than 1 mm), and are ofttimes used as the final layer. Many players, yet, adopt to use replacement grips as the terminal layer. Towelling grips are e'er replacement grips. Replacement grips take an adhesive backing, whereas overgrips have only a pocket-sized patch of agglutinative at the start of the tape and must exist practical under tension; overgrips are more convenient for players who change grips frequently, because they may be removed more than rapidly without damaging the underlying material.

Shuttlecock

A shuttlecock with a plastic skirt

A shuttlecock (often abbreviated to shuttle; also chosen a birdie) is a high-elevate projectile, with an open conical shape: the cone is formed from sixteen overlapping feathers embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with thin leather or constructed textile. Synthetic shuttles are frequently used past recreational players to reduce their costs as feathered shuttles break easily. These nylon shuttles may exist constructed with either natural cork or synthetic foam base and a plastic brim.

Badminton rules also provide for testing a shuttlecock for the correct speed:

3.one: To test a shuttlecock, hit a full underhand stroke that makes contact with the shuttlecock over the back boundary line. The shuttlecock shall be hit at an upward bending and in a direction parallel to the sidelines. 3.two: A shuttlecock of the correct speed will land not less than 530 mm and non more than 990 mm short of the other dorsum purlieus line.

Shoes

Badminton shoes are lightweight with soles of safety or similar high-grip, non-marking materials.

Compared to running shoes, badminton shoes have piffling lateral support. Loftier levels of lateral support are useful for activities where lateral motion is undesirable and unexpected. Badminton, withal, requires powerful lateral movements. A highly congenital-up lateral support will not exist able to protect the human foot in badminton; instead, it volition encourage catastrophic plummet at the point where the shoe'due south support fails, and the player's ankles are not fix for the sudden loading, which can cause sprains. For this reason, players should choose badminton shoes rather than general trainers or running shoes, because proper badminton shoes will have a very thin sole, lower a person'southward middle of gravity, and therefore result in fewer injuries. Players should also ensure that they acquire safe and proper footwork, with the articulatio genus and human foot in alignment on all lunges. This is more than just a safety concern: proper footwork is also critical in lodge to motion effectively around the court.

Technique

Strokes

Badminton offers a broad variety of basic strokes, and players crave a high level of skill to perform all of them effectively. All strokes can be played either forehand or backhand. A player'south forehand side is the same side every bit their playing mitt: for a right-handed player, the forehand side is their correct side and the backhand side is their left side. Forehand strokes are striking with the front of the manus leading (similar hitting with the palm), whereas backhand strokes are striking with the back of the paw leading (like hit with the knuckles). Players frequently play certain strokes on the forehand side with a backhand striking action, and vice versa.

In the forecourt and midcourt, nigh strokes tin can be played equally effectively on either the forehand or backhand side; but in the rear court, players will attempt to play as many strokes every bit possible on their forehands, often preferring to play a round-the-head forehand overhead (a forehand "on the backhand side") rather than endeavor a backhand overhead. Playing a backhand overhead has 2 chief disadvantages. First, the player must turn their dorsum to their opponents, restricting their view of them and the court. 2d, backhand overheads cannot exist hit with as much power as forehands: the hitting action is limited past the shoulder joint, which permits a much greater range of movement for a forehand overhead than for a backhand. The backhand clear is considered past most players and coaches to be the most difficult basic stroke in the game, since the precise technique is needed in order to muster enough power for the shuttlecock to travel the total length of the court. For the aforementioned reason, backhand smashes tend to be weak.

Position of the shuttlecock and receiving player

Japanese player Sayaka Sato prepares for a forehand serve

The choice of stroke depends on how about the shuttlecock is to the net, whether it is above net superlative, and where an opponent is currently positioned: players have much better attacking options if they can reach the shuttlecock well above internet peak, especially if information technology is likewise close to the net. In the forecourt, a loftier shuttlecock will be met with a net kill, hitting it steeply downwards and attempting to win the rally immediately. This is why it is all-time to drop the shuttlecock only over the cyberspace in this situation. In the midcourt, a loftier shuttlecock will usually exist met with a powerful smash, also hitting downwards and hoping for an outright winner or a weak respond. Able-bodied leap smashes, where players jump upwardly for a steeper nail angle, are a common and spectacular chemical element of aristocracy men'southward doubles play. In the rearcourt, players strive to striking the shuttlecock while it is however higher up them, rather than allowing it to drop lower. This overhead hitting allows them to play smashes, clears (striking the shuttlecock high and to the back of the opponents' court), and driblet shots (hitting the shuttlecock softly and then that it falls sharply downwards into the opponents' forecourt). If the shuttlecock has dropped lower, so a smash is impossible and a full-length, loftier clear is difficult.

Vertical position of the shuttlecock

When the shuttlecock is well below net meridian, players have no choice but to hit upwards. Lifts, where the shuttlecock is hit upwards to the back of the opponents' court, tin be played from all parts of the court. If a player does not elevator, their merely remaining pick is to push the shuttlecock softly back to the net: in the forecourt, this is called a net shot; in the midcourt or rear court, information technology is often chosen a push or block.

When the shuttlecock is near to net height, players can hit drives, which travel apartment and speedily over the net into the opponents' rear midcourt and rear court. Pushes may also be hitting flatter, placing the shuttlecock into the front midcourt. Drives and pushes may exist played from the midcourt or forecourt, and are most often used in doubles: they are an endeavour to regain the assail, rather than choosing to lift the shuttlecock and defend against smashes. After a successful bulldoze or push, the opponents volition frequently be forced to lift the shuttlecock.

Spin

Balls may exist spun to change their bounce (for example, topspin and backspin in tennis) or trajectory, and players may slice the ball (strike it with an angled racquet face up) to produce such spin. The shuttlecock is not immune to bounce, only slicing the shuttlecock does have applications in badminton. (See Basic strokes for an explanation of technical terms.)

• Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may cause information technology to travel in a different direction from the direction suggested by the player'due south racquet or body move. This is used to deceive opponents.
• Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may cause it to follow a slightly curved path (equally seen from to a higher place), and the deceleration imparted by the spin causes sliced strokes to slow down more suddenly towards the end of their flying path. This can exist used to create driblet shots and smashes that dip more than steeply subsequently they pass the net.
• When playing a cyberspace shot, slicing underneath the shuttlecock may cause it to plow over itself (tumble) several times as it passes the net. This is called a spinning cyberspace shot or tumbling net shot. The opponent will be unwilling to address the shuttlecock until it has corrected its orientation.

Due to the fashion that its feathers overlap, a shuttlecock also has a slight natural spin about its axis of rotational symmetry. The spin is in a counter-clockwise direction as seen from to a higher place when dropping a shuttlecock. This natural spin affects sure strokes: a tumbling internet shot is more effective if the slicing action is from correct to left, rather than from left to right.^[17]

Biomechanics

Badminton biomechanics take not been the field of study of extensive scientific report, merely some studies confirm the minor role of the wrist in power generation and indicate that the major contributions to ability come from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm.^[18] Recent guides to the sport thus emphasize forearm rotation rather than wrist movements.^[19]

The feathers impart substantial elevate, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate greatly over distance. The shuttlecock is also extremely aerodynamically stable: regardless of initial orientation, it will plough to wing cork-first and remain in the cork-offset orientation.

One consequence of the shuttlecock'southward drag is that it requires considerable power to hit it the full length of the court, which is not the case for most racquet sports. The drag as well influences the flight path of a lifted (lobbed) shuttlecock: the parabola of its flight is heavily skewed then that it falls at a steeper angle than information technology rises. With very high serves, the shuttlecock may fifty-fifty fall vertically.

Other factors

When defending against a nail, players have three basic options: lift, block, or drive. In singles, a cake to the cyberspace is the most common reply. In doubles, a elevator is the safest option merely it usually allows the opponents to go along great; blocks and drives are counter-attacking strokes merely may be intercepted by the smasher'southward partner. Many players use a backhand hitting action for returning smashes on both the forehand and backhand sides because backhands are more effective than forehands at covering smashes directed to the body. Hard shots directed towards the torso are difficult to defend.

The service is restricted past the Laws and presents its ain assortment of stroke choices. Dissimilar in lawn tennis, the server'south racquet must be pointing in a downward direction to deliver the serve so normally the shuttle must exist hitting upwardly to pass over the net. The server tin choose a low serve into the forecourt (like a push button), or a lift to the back of the service court, or a flat drive serve. Lifted serves may be either high serves, where the shuttlecock is lifted and then high that information technology falls most vertically at the dorsum of the courtroom, or pic serves, where the shuttlecock is lifted to a lesser height but falls sooner.

Deception

Once players take mastered these basic strokes, they can hit the shuttlecock from and to whatsoever part of the court, powerfully and softly equally required. Across the nuts, however, badminton offers rich potential for advanced stroke skills that provide a competitive advantage. Because badminton players have to comprehend a short distance every bit quickly as possible, the purpose of many advanced strokes is to deceive the opponent, so that either they are tricked into believing that a different stroke is being played, or they are forced to delay their movement until they actually sees the shuttle'due south direction. "Charade" in badminton is often used in both of these senses. When a player is genuinely deceived, they volition often lose the point immediately considering they cannot change their management rapidly enough to reach the shuttlecock. Experienced players will be aware of the pull a fast one on and cautious not to motility also early, but the attempted charade is notwithstanding useful because information technology forces the opponent to delay their move slightly. Against weaker players whose intended strokes are obvious, an experienced player may move earlier the shuttlecock has been hit, anticipating the stroke to gain an advantage.

Slicing and using a shortened hit action are the ii main technical devices that facilitate deception. Slicing involves hitting the shuttlecock with an angled racquet face, causing it to travel in a different management than suggested by the trunk or arm movement. Slicing also causes the shuttlecock to travel more slowly than the arm motion suggests. For example, a good crosscourt sliced drop shot volition use a hitting action that suggests a direct clear or a smash, deceiving the opponent about both the power and direction of the shuttlecock. A more sophisticated slicing action involves brushing the strings around the shuttlecock during the hitting, in club to make the shuttlecock spin. This tin be used to amend the shuttle's trajectory, by making it dip more rapidly as it passes the net; for example, a sliced depression serve can travel slightly faster than a normal low serve, yet land on the same spot. Spinning the shuttlecock is besides used to create spinning cyberspace shots (also called tumbling net shots), in which the shuttlecock turns over itself several times (tumbles) before stabilizing; sometimes the shuttlecock remains inverted instead of tumbling. The main advantage of a spinning cyberspace shot is that the opponent will be unwilling to accost the shuttlecock until it has stopped tumbling, since striking the feathers volition effect in an unpredictable stroke. Spinning internet shots are especially important for high-level singles players.

The lightness of modern racquets allows players to apply a very short hitting action for many strokes, thereby maintaining the selection to hit a powerful or a soft stroke until the terminal possible moment. For example, a singles histrion may agree their racquet ready for a cyberspace shot, but so picture the shuttlecock to the dorsum instead with a shallow lift when they notice the opponent has moved before the actual shot was played. A shallow lift takes less time to attain the ground and equally mentioned above a rally is over when the shuttlecock touches the basis. This makes the opponent's job of covering the whole court much more difficult than if the lift was hit higher and with a bigger, obvious swing. A short hitting activeness is not only useful for charade: it also allows the player to hitting powerful strokes when they have no time for a large arm swing. A large arm swing is too usually not advised in badminton considering bigger swings make it more than difficult to recover for the next shot in fast exchanges. The utilize of grip tightening is crucial to these techniques, and is ofttimes described as finger power. Elite players develop finger power to the extent that they can hit some power strokes, such as cyberspace kills, with less than a 10 centimetres (4 inches) racquet swing.

Information technology is also possible to reverse this style of deception, by suggesting a powerful stroke before slowing downwards the hitting action to play a soft stroke. In general, this latter way of deception is more common in the rear courtroom (for example, drop shots disguised every bit smashes), whereas the former fashion is more common in the forecourt and midcourt (for instance, lifts disguised every bit net shots).

Charade is not express to slicing and short hitting actions. Players may also apply double motion, where they make an initial racquet move in one direction earlier withdrawing the racquet to hitting in some other management. Players will often exercise this to send opponents in the wrong direction. The racquet motion is typically used to suggest a straight angle but and then play the stroke crosscourt, or vice versa. Triple motion is also possible, but this is very rare in actual play. An culling to double motility is to use a racquet head fake, where the initial motion is continued but the racquet is turned during the hit. This produces a smaller alter in management but does not require as much fourth dimension.

Strategy

To win in badminton, players need to use a wide variety of strokes in the right situations. These range from powerful jumping smashes to delicate tumbling internet returns. Oftentimes rallies cease with a boom, but setting up the smash requires subtler strokes. For instance, a net shot tin force the opponent to lift the shuttlecock, which gives an opportunity to smash. If the net shot is tight and tumbling, then the opponent's lift will non reach the back of the courtroom, which makes the subsequent smash much harder to return.

Deception is also important. Skillful players prepare for many different strokes that look identical and apply slicing to deceive their opponents almost the speed or direction of the stroke. If an opponent tries to conceptualize the stroke, they may move in the wrong direction and may be unable to change their body momentum in time to reach the shuttlecock.

Singles

Since 1 person needs to cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to motility as much equally possible; this means that singles strokes are unremarkably directed to the corners of the court. Players exploit the length of the court by combining lifts and clears with drop shots and net shots. Slap-up tends to be less prominent in singles than in doubles because the smasher has no partner to follow upwardly their endeavour and is thus vulnerable to a skillfully placed return. Moreover, frequent swell tin be exhausting in singles where the conservation of a player's energy is at a premium. However, players with strong smashes volition sometimes utilize the shot to create openings, and players normally boom weak returns to try to end rallies.

In singles, players will often start the rally with a forehand high serve or with a flick serve. Low serves are besides used frequently, either forehand or backhand. Drive serves are rare.

At high levels of play, singles demand extraordinary fettle. Singles is a game of patient positional manoeuvring, dissimilar the all-out aggression of doubles.^[xx]

Doubles

Both pairs will try to gain and maintain the attack, swell downwards when the opportunity arises. Whenever possible, a pair will adopt an platonic attacking formation with one player hitting down from the rear court, and their partner in the midcourt intercepting all boom returns except the elevator. If the rear court attacker plays a drop shot, their partner volition motion into the forecourt to threaten the net reply. If a pair cannot hit downwards, they will use flat strokes in an attempt to gain the attack. If a pair is forced to lift or clear the shuttlecock, then they must defend: they volition adopt a side-past-side position in the rear midcourt, to cover the full width of their courtroom against the opponents' smashes. In doubles, players by and large nail to the heart ground betwixt two players in social club to take reward of confusion and clashes.

At loftier levels of play, the backhand serve has get pop to the extent that forehand serves have get fairly rare at a high level of play. The straight low serve is used almost ofttimes, in an attempt to forbid the opponents gaining the set on immediately. Flick serves are used to forbid the opponent from anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.

At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast. Men's doubles are the most ambitious form of badminton, with a high proportion of powerful spring smashes and very quick reflex exchanges. Because of this, spectator interest is sometimes greater for men'southward doubles than for singles.

Mixed doubles

The 2012 Olympic mixed doubles final in London

In mixed doubles, both pairs typically try to maintain an attacking formation with the adult female at the front and the man at the dorsum. This is considering the male players are normally substantially stronger, and tin can, therefore, produce smashes that are more powerful. As a result, mixed doubles require greater tactical awareness and subtler positional play. Clever opponents volition try to reverse the platonic position, by forcing the woman towards the back or the human being towards the front end. In gild to protect confronting this danger, mixed players must be careful and systematic in their shot selection.^[21]

At loftier levels of play, the formations will more often than not exist more flexible: the top women players are capable of playing powerfully from the back-courtroom, and will happily exercise and then if required. When the opportunity arises, even so, the pair will switch dorsum to the standard mixed attacking position, with the woman in forepart and men in the dorsum.

Organization

Governing bodies

The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the internationally recognized governing trunk of the sport responsible for the regulation of tournaments and approaching fair play. 5 regional confederations are associated with the BWF:

• Asia: Badminton Asia Confederation (BAC)
• Africa: Badminton Confederation of Africa (BCA)
• Americas: Badminton Pan Am (North America and South America belong to the aforementioned confederation; BPA)
• Europe: Badminton Europe (BE)
• Oceania: Badminton Oceania (BO)

Competitions

A men's doubles match. The bluish lines are those for the badminton court. The other coloured lines denote uses for other sports – such complexity being common in multi-use sports halls.

The BWF organizes several international competitions, including the Thomas Cup, the premier men'due south international team event first held in 1948–1949, and the Uber Cup, the women's equivalent start held in 1956–1957. The competitions at present take place once every two years. More than than 50 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments inside continental confederations for a place in the finals. The last tournament involves 12 teams, post-obit an increment from eight teams in 2004. It was further increased to 16 teams in 2012.^[22]

The Sudirman Cup, a gender-mixed international squad upshot held once every 2 years, began in 1989. Teams are divided into vii levels based on the performance of each country. To win the tournament, a country must perform well across all five disciplines (men'southward doubles and singles, women's doubles and singles, and mixed doubles). Similar association football (soccer), it features a promotion and relegation system at every level. Notwithstanding, the organization was last used in 2009 and teams competing will now be grouped by world rankings.^[23]

Badminton was a sit-in event at the 1972 and 1988 Summer Olympics. Information technology became an official Summertime Olympic sport at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992 and its gold medals now generally charge per unit as the sport's virtually coveted prizes for individual players.

In the BWF World Championships, first held in 1977, currently only the highest-ranked 64 players in the globe, and a maximum of four from each country tin participate in any category. In both the Olympic and BWF World competitions restrictions on the number of participants from any 1 land have caused some controversy because they sometimes result in excluding elite earth level players from the strongest badminton nations. The Thomas, Uber, and Sudirman Cups, the Olympics, and the BWF World (and World Junior Championships), are all categorized every bit level one tournaments.

At the outset of 2007, the BWF introduced a new tournament structure for the highest level tournaments aside from those in level one: the BWF Super Series. This level ii tournament series, a tour for the world's elite players, stage twelve open tournaments effectually the world with 32 players (half the previous limit). The players collect points that make up one's mind whether they tin can play in Super Series Finals held at the year-end. Among the tournaments in this serial is the venerable All-England Championships, first held in 1900, which was one time considered the unofficial globe championships of the sport.^[24]

Level three tournaments consist of Grand Prix Aureate and Grand Prix effect. Pinnacle players can collect the world ranking points and enable them to play in the BWF Super Series open up tournaments. These include the regional competitions in Asia (Badminton Asia Championships) and Europe (European Badminton Championships), which produce the world'south best players likewise every bit the Pan America Badminton Championships.

The level four tournaments, known as International Claiming, International Series, and Future Series, encourage participation by inferior players.^[25]

Comparison with tennis

Badminton is frequently compared to tennis due to several qualities. The following is a list of manifest differences:

• Scoring: In badminton, a match is played best 2 of 3 games, with each game played up to 21 points. In lawn tennis a friction match is played all-time of 3 or 5 sets, each prepare consisting of half dozen games and each game ends when 1 player wins 4 points or wins 2 consecutive points at deuce points. If both teams are tied at "game signal", they must play until one team achieves a two-indicate reward. However, at 29–all, whoever scores the golden betoken volition win. In tennis, if the score is tied vi–6 in a set, a tiebreaker volition exist played, which ends once a histrion reaches 7 points or when one player has a two-bespeak advantage.
• In tennis, the ball may bounce once before the indicate ends; in badminton, the rally ends once the shuttlecock touches the floor.
• In tennis, the serve is ascendant to the extent that the server is expected to win about of their service games (at advanced level & onwards); a break of service, where the server loses the game, is of major importance in a match. In badminton, a server has far less an advantage and is unlikely to score an ace (unreturnable serve).
• In tennis, the server has two chances to hit a serve into the service box; in badminton, the server is immune simply one attempt.
• A tennis court is approximately twice the length and width of a badminton court.
• Lawn tennis racquets are near four times equally heavy as badminton racquets, 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) versus ii to iii ounces (57 to 85 grams).^{[26] [27]} Tennis balls are more than 11 times heavier than shuttlecocks, 57 grams (2.0 ounces) versus v grams (0.18 ounces).^{[28] [29]}
• The fastest recorded tennis stroke is Samuel Groth's 163.4 miles per hour (263 kilometres per 60 minutes) serve,^[thirty] whereas the fastest badminton stroke during gameplay was Mads Pieler Kolding's 264.7 miles per hr (426 kilometres per hour) recorded nail at a Badminton Premier League friction match.^[31]

Statistics such as the smash speed, above, prompt badminton enthusiasts to brand other comparisons that are more than contentious. For example, information technology is often claimed that badminton is the fastest racquet sport.^[32] Although badminton holds the record for the fastest initial speed of a racquet sports projectile, the shuttlecock decelerates essentially faster than other projectiles such as tennis balls. In turn, this qualification must be qualified by consideration of the distance over which the shuttlecock travels: a smashed shuttlecock travels a shorter distance than a tennis ball during a serve.

While fans of badminton and lawn tennis often claim that their sport is the more than physically demanding, such comparisons are difficult to make considerately considering of the differing demands of the games. No formal study currently exists evaluating the concrete condition of the players or demands during gameplay.

Badminton and tennis techniques differ substantially. The lightness of the shuttlecock and of badminton racquets allow badminton players to make use of the wrist and fingers much more than tennis players; in lawn tennis, the wrist is normally held stable, and playing with a mobile wrist may atomic number 82 to injury. For the same reasons, badminton players tin generate power from a curt racquet swing: for some strokes such as internet kills, an elite player's swing may exist less than 5 centimetres (2 inches). For strokes that require more power, a longer swing volition typically be used, only the badminton racquet swing will rarely be as long as a typical lawn tennis swing.

See also

• Ball badminton
• Hanetsuki
• List of racquet sports
• Speed badminton

Notes

1. ^ Other related sports include Hanetsuki, which originated in Japan.
2. ^ Against this, Downey claims that the outset rules were drawn up at Karachi in 1877.^[11]
3. ^ half-dozen Waverley Grove, Portsmouth, England.^[12]

1. ^ Boga (2008).
2. ^ "Olympic Badminton The Olympic Journey". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton Earth Federation. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
3. ^ Grice (2008).
4. ^ ^{a b c d} EB (1878).
5. ^ ^{a b c d} EB (1911).
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Adams (1980).
7. ^ ^{a b} "badminton, n.", Oxford English language Lexicon
8. ^ ^{a b} Guillain (2004), p. 47.
9. ^ "About Game", Ball Badminton Federation of Bharat, 2008, archived from the original on 7 July 2011, retrieved 7 July 2011
10. ^ Connors, et al. (1991), p. 195.
11. ^ Downey (1982), p. thirteen.
12. ^ ^{a b} "The History of Badminton: Foundation of the BAE and Codification of the Rules", World Badminton
13. ^ ^{a b c} "Laws of Badminton". Badminton Earth Federation. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
14. ^ ^{a b} Kwun (28 February 2005). "Badminton Key Guide to choosing Badminton Equipment". BadmintonCentral.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
15. ^ "SL-seventy". Karakal. Archived from the original on sixteen October 2007.
16. ^ "String tension relating to ability and control". Prospeed. Archived from the original on 28 Oct 2007.
17. ^ "The Spin Doctor", Ability & Precision Magazine, July 2006
18. ^ Kim (2002).
19. ^ "Badminton Technique", Badminton England "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2015. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
20. ^ "Rules of Badminton". Retrieved 13 June 2017.
21. ^ Kumekawa, Eugene (21 March 2014). "Badminton Strategies and Tactics for the Novice and Recreational Actor". BadmintonPlanet.
22. ^ "Thomas and Uber Cups increased to 16 teams". sportskeeda.com. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
23. ^ Sachetat, Raphaël. "Sudirman Cup to Alter Format". Badzine. Archived from the original on 31 Jan 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
24. ^ "Badminton Federation Announces 12-event Series", International Herald Tribune, Associated Press, 23 September 2006, archived from the original on 25 September 2015, retrieved 25 Oct 2008 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
25. ^ "New Tournament Structure", International Badminton Federation, 20 July 2006, archived from the original on 29 September 2007 .
26. ^ "What is the ideal weight for a lawn tennis racquet?". Well-nigh.com. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
27. ^ "The contribution of engineering on badminton rackets". Prospeed. Archived from the original on eleven October 2007.
28. ^ Azeez, Shefiu (2000). "Mass of a Tennis Ball". Hypertextbook.
29. ^ Chiliad. McCreary, Kathleen (5 May 2005). "A Report of the Motion of a Costless Falling Shuttlecock" (PDF). The College of Wooster. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. http://physics.wooster.edu/JrIS/Files/McCreary.pdf
30. ^ "Aussie smashes tennis serve speed record". The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 May 2012.
31. ^ "Fastest badminton hit in competition (male)". Retrieved viii July 2019.
32. ^ "WHAT IS BADMINTON". Badminton Oceania . Retrieved 18 Feb 2022.

References

• Adams, Bernard (1980), The Badminton Story, BBC Books, ISBN0563164654
• Boga, Steve (2008), Badminton, Paw Prints, ISBN978-1439504789
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Badminton (game)", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Printing, p. 189
• Connors, M.; Dupuis, D.L.; Morgan, B. (1991), The Olympics Factbook: A Spectator's Guide to the Winter and Summer Games, Visible Ink Printing, ISBN0-8103-9417-0 .
• Downey, Jake (1982), Better Badminton for All, Pelham Books, ISBN978-0-7207-1438-8 .
• Grice, Tony (2008), Badminton: Steps to Success, Human Kinetics, ISBN978-0-7360-7229-8
• Guillain, Jean-Yves (2004), Badminton: An Illustrated History, Publibook, ISBN2-7483-0572-8
• Jones, Henry (1878), "Badminton", in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (ninth ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 228
• Kim, Wangdo (2002), An Analysis of the Biomechanics of Arm Movement During a Badminton Blast (PDF), Nanyang Technological University, archived from the original on 2 Oct 2008 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).

External links

• Badminton at Curlie
• Badminton Globe Federation
  • Laws of Badminton
  • Simplified Rules
• Badminton Asia Confederation
• Badminton Pan Am
• Badminton Oceania
• Badminton Europe
• Badminton Confederation of Africa

inda omplyic badminton women gold champion

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